Pons varolii, lesions of.- Nystagmus. Associate ocular paralyses in horizontal lines. Spastic myosis of the external rectus on the same side.
Pyaemia.- Metastatic suppurative choroiditis. Retinal haemorrhages.
Rachitis.- Cortical or laminated cataract.
Rheumatism.- Paralysis of external ocular muscles usually of one eye, and affecting one or more contiguous branches of the nerve such as the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superiors. Iritis with gelatinous exudation.
Sclerosis, multiple.- Nystagmus, a frequent and valuable diagnostic sign. Ocular paralyses characterized by sudden development, transient duration and variable course, similar to syphilis and tabes. Hippus. Paralysis of accommodation. Impairment of vision, but rarely complete blindness. Central scotoma. Irregular or concentric contraction of the visual field Neuritis.
Scrofula.- Eczema of lids. Styes. Ciliary blepharitis. Conjunctivitis. Pustules and abscesses of the cornea. Phlyctenular conjunctivitis and keratitis. Choroiditis.
Snake poisoning.- Retinal haemorrhages.
Skin, extensive burns of.- Reflex spastic mydriasis (skin reflex).
Spinal cord, inflammation and congestion of, spinal irritation.- Spastic mydriasis occurs in the early stages.
Spinal cord degenerative disease of.- Nystagmus.
Syphilis.- Every tissue of the eye, except the lens, is affected. Inflammation of the lids, orbit and lachrymal passages. Arrest of development such as microphthalmus, etc., in the congenital form. Periostitis and caries of the orbit. Paralytic affections of the lid and external ocular muscles. Various muscles are suddenly, successively and transiently involved. Parenchymatous, keratitis, Inflammation of the sclera with gummata. Mydriasis with loss of accommodation. Gummous iritis. Choroiditis. Degeneration of the retinal vessels with or without haemorrhages. Retinitis and neuro-retinitis. Atrophy of the optic nerve. Heteronymous and homonymous hemianopsia. Zimmerman, of Milwaukee, says, in “Knapp’s Archives,” January, 1895, that only about 15 per cent of the cases of brain syphilis are without ocular symptoms.
Tabes.- Anaesthesia of the skin of the lids, of the conjunctiva and cornea, with false localization of sensation. Paresis of orbicularis palpebrarum. Narrowing of the palpebral fissure. Ptosis. Paralysis of the ocular muscles, sudden in development and transient duration similar to syphilitic paralyses and to those which occur in multiple sclerosis. Spastic mydriasis may be a premonitory symptoms. Paretic myosis occurs in 23 per cent. of the cases. The “Argyll-Robertson pupil” is a very characteristic symptom, and occurs in 70 per cent of the cases. In 25 per cent it is an early symptom, Reflex iridoplegia, or failure of all the pupillary reflexes. The reaction to light fails first, followed by loss of reaction with accommodation and convergence, and lastly the skin reflex is lost. Anisocorea occurs in 34 per cent. of the cases. Reflex iridoplegia is a valuable diagnostic point between true and false tabes, or multiple neuritis. In the latter, myosis and reflex iridoplegia are wanting. Atrophy of the optic nerve. Ocular symptoms may appear very early, even many years before the ataxic symptoms. Gowers relates a case where twenty years elapsed between blindness, optic nerve atrophy, etc., and the onset of ataxia. When spinal symptoms are well marked, ocular symptoms are often latent or absent and the reverse is also true, viz., when ocular symptoms are marked the spinal symptoms are slight or absent and may be ling delayed.
Trichinosis.- OEdema of the lids and paralysis of accommodation.
Tuberculosis.- Periostitis and caries of the orbit. Tubercular nodules in eyelids, conjunctiva, iris and choroid. Iritis with grayish-red nodules.
Typhoid fever.- Anaesthesia of the cornea, neuro-paralytic keratitis. Hippus in stage of cerebral manifestations, Metastatic suppurative choroiditis. Intra-ocular haemorrhages.
Uraemia.- Mydriasis is a premonitory sign. Sudden failure of vision.
Uterine affections.- Pigmentation of the skin of the lids. Paralysis of accommodation.
Urticaria.- Reflex spastic mydriasis.
Professor of Ophthalmology in the College of the New York Ophthalmic Hospital; Surgeon to the New York Ophthalmic Hospital. Visiting Oculist to the Laura Franklin Free Hospital for Children; Ex-President American Homoeopathic Ophthalmological, Otological and Laryngological Society. First Vice-President American Institute of Homoeopathy : President Homoeopathic Medical Society of the State of New York ; Editor Homoeopathic Eye. Ear and Throat Journal : Associate Editor. Department of Ophthalmology, North American Journal of Homoeopathy, etc.